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mount - mount file system

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Synopsis

Description

mount() attaches the file system specified by source (which is often a device name, but can also be a directory name or a dummy) to thedirectory specified by target.

Appropriate privilege (Linux: the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability) is required to mount file systems.

Since Linux 2.4 a single file system can be visible at multiple mount points, and multiple mounts can be stacked on the same mount point.

Values for the filesystemtype argument supported by the kernel are listed in /proc/filesystems (e.g., 'minix', 'ext2', 'ext3', 'jfs', 'xfs','reiserfs', 'msdos', 'proc', 'nfs', 'iso9660'). Further types may become available when the appropriate modules are loaded.

The mountflags argument may have the magic number 0xC0ED (MS_MGC_VAL) in the top 16 bits (this was required in kernel versions prior to 2.4,but is no longer required and ignored if specified), and various mount flags in the low order 16 bits:

MS_BIND (Linux 2.4 onward)

Perform a bind mount, making a file or a directory subtree visible at another point within a file system. Bind mounts may cross file system boundaries andspan chroot(2) jails. The filesystemtype and data arguments are ignored. Up until Linux 2.6.26, mountflags was also ignored (thebind mount has the same mount options as the underlying mount point).

MS_DIRSYNC (since Linux 2.5.19)

Make directory changes on this file system synchronous. (This property can be obtained for individual directories or subtrees usingchattr(1).)

MS_MANDLOCK

Permit mandatory locking on files in this file system. (Mandatory locking must still be enabled on a per-file basis, as described infcntl(2).)

MS_MOVE

Move a subtree. source specifies an existing mount point and target specifies the new location. The move is atomic: at no point is the subtreeunmounted. The filesystemtype, mountflags, and data arguments are ignored.

MS_NOATIME

Do not update access times for (all types of) files on this file system.

MS_NODEV

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Do not allow access to devices (special files) on this file system.

MS_NODIRATIME

Do not update access times for directories on this file system. This flag provides a subset of the functionality provided by MS_NOATIME; that is,MS_NOATIME implies MS_NODIRATIME.

MS_NOEXEC

Do not allow programs to be executed from this file system.

MS_NOSUID

Do not honor set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits when executing programs from this file system.

MS_RDONLY

Mount file system read-only.

MS_RELATIME (Since Linux 2.6.20)

When a file on this file system is accessed, only update the file's last access time (atime) if the current value of atime is less than or equal to thefile's last modification time (mtime) or last status change time (ctime). This option is useful for programs, such as mutt(1), that need to know when afile has been read since it was last modified. Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior provided by this flag (unless MS_NOATIME wasspecified), and the MS_STRICTATIME flag is required to obtain traditional semantics. In addition, since Linux 2.6.30, the file's last access time isalways updated if it is more than 1 day old.

MS_REMOUNT

Remount an existing mount. This allows you to change the mountflags and data of an existing mount without having to unmount and remount thefile system. target should be the same value specified in the initial mount() call; source and filesystemtype are ignored.

The following mountflags can be changed: MS_RDONLY, MS_SYNCHRONOUS, MS_MANDLOCK; before kernel 2.6.16, the following could alsobe changed: MS_NOATIME and MS_NODIRATIME; and, additionally, before kernel 2.4.10, the following could also be changed: MS_NOSUID,MS_NODEV, MS_NOEXEC.

MS_SILENT (since Linux 2.6.17)

Suppress the display of certain (printk()) warning messages in the kernel log. This flag supersedes the misnamed and obsolete MS_VERBOSE flag(available since Linux 2.4.12), which has the same meaning.

MS_STRICTATIME (Since Linux 2.6.30)

Always update the last access time (atime) when files on this file system are accessed. (This was the default behavior before Linux 2.6.30.) Specifying thisflag overrides the effect of setting the MS_NOATIME and MS_RELATIME flags.

MS_SYNCHRONOUS

Make writes on this file system synchronous (as though the O_SYNC flag to open(2) was specified for all file opens to this filesystem).

From Linux 2.4 onward, the MS_NODEV,

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MS_NOEXEC, and MS_NOSUID flags are settable on a per-mount-point basis. From kernel 2.6.16 onward,MS_NOATIME and MS_NODIRATIME are also settable on a per-mount-point basis. The MS_RELATIME flag is also settable on a per-mount-pointbasis.

The data argument is interpreted by the different file systems. Typically it is a string of comma-separated options understood by this file system.See mount(8) for details of the options available for each filesystem type.

Return Value

On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.

Errors

The error values given below result from filesystem type independent errors. Each file-system type may have its own special errors and its own specialbehavior. See the Linux kernel source code for details.

EACCES

A component of a path was not searchable. (See also path_resolution(7).) Or, mounting a read-only file system was attempted without giving theMS_RDONLY flag. Or, the block device source is located on a file system mounted with the MS_NODEV option.

EBUSY

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source is already mounted. Or, it cannot be remounted read-only, because it still holds files open for writing. Or, it cannot be mounted ontarget because target is still busy (it is the working directory of some thread, the mount point of another device, has open files, etc.).

EFAULT

One of the pointer arguments points outside the user address space.

EINVAL

source had an invalid superblock. Or, a remount (MS_REMOUNT) was attempted, but source was not already mounted on target. Or, amove (MS_MOVE) was attempted, but source was not a mount point, or was '/'.

ELOOP

Too many links encountered during pathname resolution. Or, a move was attempted, while target is a descendant of source.

EMFILE

(In case no block device is required:) Table of dummy devices is full.

ENAMETOOLONG

A pathname was longer than MAXPATHLEN.

ENODEV

filesystemtype not configured in the kernel.

ENOENT

A pathname was empty or had a nonexistent component.

ENOMEM

The kernel could not allocate a free page to copy filenames or data into.

ENOTBLK

source is not a block device (and a device was required).

ENOTDIR

target, or a prefix of source, is not a directory.

ENXIO

The major number of the block device source is out of range.

EPERM

The caller does not have the required privileges.

Versions

The definitions of MS_DIRSYNC, MS_MOVE, MS_REC, MS_RELATIME, and MS_STRICTATIME were only added to glibc headers inversion 2.12.

Conforming To

This function is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.

Notes

The original MS_SYNC flag was renamed MS_SYNCHRONOUS in 1.1.69 when a different MS_SYNC was added to <mman.h>.

Before Linux 2.4 an attempt to execute a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program on a file system mounted with MS_NOSUID would fail with EPERM.Since Linux 2.4 the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are just silently ignored in this case.

Per-process namespaces

Starting with kernel 2.4.19, Linux provides per-process mount namespaces. A mount namespace is the set of file system mounts that are visible to a process.Mount-point namespaces can be (and usually are) shared between multiple processes, and changes to the namespace (i.e., mounts and unmounts) by one process arevisible to all other processes sharing the same namespace. (The pre-2.4.19 Linux situation can be considered as one in which a single namespace was shared byevery process on the system.)

A child process created by fork(2) shares its parent's mount namespace; the mount namespace is preserved across an execve(2).

A process can obtain a private mount namespace if: it was created using the clone(2) CLONE_NEWNS flag, in which case its new namespace isinitialized to be a copy of the namespace of the process that called clone(2); or it calls unshare(2) with the CLONE_NEWNS flag,which causes the caller's mount namespace to obtain a private copy of the namespace that it was previously sharing with other processes, so that future mountsand unmounts by the caller are invisible to other processes (except child processes that the caller subsequently creates) and vice versa.

The Linux-specific /proc/PID/mounts file exposes the list of mount points in the mount namespace of the process with the specified ID; seeproc(5) for details.

See Also

umount(2), namespaces(7), path_resolution(7), mount(8), umount(8)

Referenced By

access(2),capabilities(7),eject(1),guestfish(1),guestfs(3),

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mkdir(2),mknod(2),mount_afp(1),nash(8),stat(2)